CELLULAR PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
I Cellular Adaptations
A. Physiologic vs. Pathologic
1. size
a. atrophy
1. physiologic
2. pathologic
3. organs
b. hypertrophy
1. physiologic
2. pathologic
2. number
a. hyperplasia
1. tissue types
2. physiologic
3. pathologic
3. cell type
a. metaplasia
1. dysplasia
When you have finished studying this material, you should be able to
- describe the three general ways a cell may try to adapt to a changing environment
- define atrophy and hypertrophy and distinguish between the two
- explain events likely to be occurring inside a cell which cause the cell to atrophy
- name organs most likely to atrophy and explain why these organs are more vulnerable to atrophy
- list some conditions which can contribute to atrophy of an organ
- explain events likely to be occurring inside a cell which cause cell hypertrophy
- distinguish between physiologic, compensatory and pathologic hypertrophy and give examples in the body
- define hyperplasia, metaplasia, dysplasia and explain how they are alike and how they differ
- name the type of tissues unlikely to undergo hyperplasia and explain why
- compare physiologic and pathologic hyperplasia
- define metaplasia and give an example
- list the characteristics of dysplasia
- explain how dysplasia differs from the other four types of cellular changes
- identify the type of changes cells have undergone by comparing pictures of the changed cells to
pictures of typical cells of the same type
- state the cellular changes which are normally reversible and which are not
II Cell Injury
A. Causes
1. environmental toxins
a. biologic toxins
b. non-biologic toxins
1. chemicals
2. ionizing radiation --> free radicals
2. trauma
a. pressure
b. temperature
c. antibodies
3. deficiencies
a. nutrients
b. enzyme
1. accumulations
c. oxygen (hypoxia)
1. hydropic change
2. fatty change
3. intracellular Ca+ accumulation
B. Reversibility ?
When you have finished studying this material, you should be able to:
- list three general causes of cell injury
- explain what a free radical is and why an accumulation of free radicals in the cell is so damaging to the cell
- discuss how temperature changes can injure the cell
- explain how antibodies can cause cell injury
- list deficiencies likely to cause cell injury
- define cell intoxication
- give an example of an enzyme deficiency and resulting accumulations
- define hypoxia
- explain how hypoxia can trigger hydropic changes
- explain the link between hypoxia and fatty changes
- explain why Ca+ intoxication of the cell is so damaging to the cell
- identify which cell changes are reversible
- discuss why some of these changes are reversible and why others are not
III Cell Death
A. Apoptosis
1. definition
2. process
B. Necrosis
1. definition
2. types
a. coagulative
b. liquefaction
c. caseous
d. fat
e. gangrene
1. dry
2. wet
3. gas
When you have finished studying this material, you should be able to:
- define apoptosis
- describe the process of apoptosis
- give examples of apoptosis
- compare regulated and unregulated cell death
- define necrosis
- name the different types of necrosis
- identify types of necrosis by tissue appearance and etiology
- distinguish gangrene from the other types of necrosis
- compare the etiology and appearance of the different types of gangrene
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