Course Outline, Part 4
General discussion of gases, pressures and partial pressures
Movement of gases- general
Anatomy of the respiratory system -reviewed
The bronchioles - smooth muscle
Alveolar structure
The respiratory "membrane"
Ventilation- definitions
Effect of pressure gradients and airway resistance
Boyle's Law: pressure-volume relationships
Expiration and inspiration
Respiratory muscles
Changes in the volume of the thoracic cavity
Factors that affect ventilation
Lung compliance
Lung elasticity
Surface tension- the role of lung surfactant
Definitions
Eupnea
Dyspnea
Apnea
Hyperpnea
Hyperventilation
Hypoventilation
Obstructuve and restrictive lung diseases
Oxygen
reactions with hemoglobin
loading and unloading and controls over
Carbon dioxide
modes of transport
dissolution
carbaminohemogloboin
bicarbonate formation
chloride shift
bicarbonate as a buffer
Hemoglobin as a buffer
(Bohr effect, again)
Respiratory acidosis and alkalosis
Voluntary and involuntary respiration
Extrinsic and intrinsic controls over respiration
chemo receptors:
peripheral
central
Medullary respiratory neurons
Pulmonary stretch receptors: Hering-Breuer reflex
Functions
Components
Kidney structure
The nephron
Structure
Structure as related to function
the peri-tubular capillaries
the nephron tubules
the macula densa and the JGA (juxtaglomerular apparatus)
Filtration and filtration pressures and rates
Controls over filtration
Reabsorption, countercurrent multiplication
Secretion
Controls over water and salt content
Anti-diuretic hormone (ADH) and blood volume
Aldosterone and blood osmolality
Salt and blood pressure
Potassium levels: hyper- and hypokalemia
Hydrogen ion levels
Renal plasma clearance
Micturition
Stretch receptors and reflex control over
Voluntary control