Course Outline, Part 3
Smooth Muscle
Location
innervated by autonomic N.S.
Contraction (constriction), and relaxation (dilation)
Involuntary action
Shape
Internal structure: no sarcomeres
Cross bridge formation
actin/myosin
role and source of calcium
function of calcium and calmodulin
Action potentials
pacemaker potentialls
nervous input
stretch
Single versus multi-unit
Comparison with the somatic nervous system
Introductory description
Antagonism
Dual innervation and control of effectors
Comparison of the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions
Origin of fibers
Relationship of pre- and post-ganglionic fibers
Neurotransmitters
Receptors
Divergence
Antagonistic functions of the sympathetic and parasympathetic -
(The bear with the stick)
Sympathetic- Fight, Flight, Frolic
Parasympathetic - Housekeeping
Functions of
Components
Blood
Composition
Plasma proteins
Relationship to interstitial fluid and lymph
Formed elements
Blood clotting
Plasma volume and pH
Review of circulation
The heart as 2 pumps
Cardiac muscle
Contractile mechanism- like skeletal muscle
Intercalated discs/ gap junctions
Components of
Pacemaker potentials
Action potentials - different areas of the heart
Importance of calcium
AV nodal delay
Functional syncitium
Heart Block
The electrocardiogram
Appearance and interpretation
Cardiac rhythms and arrhythmias
Normal sinus rhythm
Bradycardia
Tachycardia
Sick sinus syndrome
Ectopic pacemakers
Extra systoles
Re-entry
Flutter
Fibrillation
Defibrillation
The cardiac cycle: systole and diastole
Cardiac volumes
Stroke volume
End diastolic volume
End systolic volume
Cardiac output (CO = SV x HR)
Control
Extrinsic controls: Autonomic innervation
heart rate
contractility
Intrinsic controls
pre-load and the Frank Starling Law
afterload and vascular resistance
Pathology
Cardiac failure (especially left-sided)
Infarcts, angina, atheroscleosis, thrombi, emboli , HDLs, LDLs
Definitions
Pressure
Blood pressure
Relationship to cardiac output and total peripheral resistance
Systolic and diastolic pressures
Pulse pressure
Pulse - heart rate
Pulse deficit
Mean arterial pressure
Pressures throughout the circulatory system (Remember-pressure is lost
overcoming resistance!)
Arteries
Arterioles
regulation of flow to tissues and organs
control of resistance
intrinsic controls
metabolic - active hyperemia
pressure auto-regulation, myogenic response to stretch - reactive
hyperemia
histamines
extrinsic controls
sympathetic input
alpha-1 adrenergic receptors: arterioles to viscera
beta-2 adrenergic receptors: arterioles to skeletal muscle
Capillaries
Venules and veins
Skeletal muscle pump
Respiratory pump
Reflex control: summary
Baroreceptors: what they do and their location
Medullary cardiovascular center in the brain
Input and the effect on sympathetic activity
Resistance
Cardiac output
Long term control over blood pressure
Blood volume
Salt intake
