Course Outline : Part 1
Definition of physiology and relationship to other biological sciences
Characteristics of living systems
Patterns of organization
the cell as the basic unit
division of labor
primary cell and tissue types
organs and organ systems
the organism
Metabolic activity: ENERGY and the ability to do work
Acquisition
Transformation
Utilization
Reproduction, growth and development
Adaptive potential
Chemical composition
nucleic acids, proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates
quantitative and qualitative differences between living systems
and the surrounding environment
Homeostasis and the internal environment
Definition of homeostasis
Importance of homeostasis
The internal environment
intercellular fluids
interstitial fluid
plasma
lymph and transcellular fluids
differences between extracellular and intracellular fluids
Parameters regulated by homeostatic mechanisms
Negative feedback loops
definition
examples
temperature regulation
blood glucose regulation
Positive feedback
consequences
examples
Components of homeostatic systems
reflexes and the reflex arc
local homeostatic responses
Cellular communication
types of chemical messages
receptor molecules
specificity of receptor binding
variability of response to specific messages
agonist and antagonist messages
Definitions
Matter
Elements
Chemical symbols
The atom
Atomic structure
Atomic mass
Isotopes
Importance of number and position of electrons in determining reactivity
Molecules and molecular weight determinations
Bonds
Ionic
ions: cations and anions
nature and characteristics
Covalent
non-polar
polar
Hydrogen
Water
Structure: importance of covalent bonds
As a solvent; definitions of solvent, solute, solubility
Hydrophilic vs. hydrophobic molecules
Solubilities
polar in polar
non-polar in non-polar
Tendency toward ionization
pH
Definitions: pH, acids, bases
The pH scale
Normal values for body fluids
CHNOPS
Common properties
Carbon-based life
Macromolecules
Monomers
Polymers
Hydrolysis and Dehydration synthesis
Carbohydrates
Generalized formula
Functions
Mono-, di-, and polysaccharides
Lipids
Functions
Characteristics
Types
triacylglycerols: saturated and (poly)unsaturated
phospholipids
amphipathic
bi-layer formation
steroids
cholesterol
hormones
Proteins
Functions
Subunit- the amino acid
structure
types
Peptide bonds
Structure: primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary
Structure and function- example: hemoglobin
Nucleic acids
Functions
Structure
nucleotide monomers
DNA versus RNA
helical structure
complementary base pairing
The basic unit of life
Cell theory
Differences between cells
Prokaryotic versus eukaryotic
Size
Shape
Structure
Function
Regions of the eukaryotic cell
Cell membrane - functions and general structure
Nucleus
function
nuclear envelope and nuclear pores
chromatin/ chromosomes
nucleolus
Cytoplasm
cytosol
cytoskeleton
organelles- appearance, functions, importance of compartmentalization
smooth and rough ER
ribosomes
Golgi apparatus
lysosomes
peroxisomes
vaults
mitochondria
cilia, flagella
Chemical reactions
reactants and products
reversibility
endergonic versus exergonic
rates and catalysts
Enzymes
biological catalysts
qualities of enzymes
Metabolism
Redox reactions
Glycolysis - oxygen independent ATP synthesis
The sequence and where it occurs
Substrate-level phosphorylation
Products formed in the absence of oxygen - fermentation
Products and consequences of aerobic conditions
The Citric Acid or Krebs cycle
The cycle and where it occurs
Electron transport
Oxidative phosphorylation and where it occurs
Comparison of ATP yields - aerobic and anaerobic conditions
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